Pentozy powstają w ustroju podczas przemian glukozy. Najczęstszą przyczyną pentozurii jest blok metaboliczny toru kwasu glukuronowego, w którym z powodu niedoboru dehydrogenazy NADP ksylitolu dochodzi do nagromadzenia w ustroju ksylulozy, która następnie przechodzi do moczu.
Zaburzenie to nie daje żadnych szkodliwych następstw dla ustroju, jedynie może naśladować obecność glukozy w moczu.
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